The Monks Investment Trust PLC
Legal Entity Identifier: 213800MRI1JTUKG5AF64
Unaudited Preliminary Results for the year to 30 April 2018 |
Over the year to 30 April 2018, the Company's net asset value (NAV) total return* was 15.8% compared to a total return of 7.5% for the FTSE World Index (in sterling terms). The share price total return for the same period was 20.4%.
– Amazon, NVIDIA and Alibaba were the most notable positive contributors to absolute returns in the period during which 14 of our holdings appreciated by more than 50% in sterling terms.
– Portfolio turnover for the 12 months was 19.8% and the Company's invested gearing stood at 4.6% at the financial year end.
– A single final dividend of 1.40p is being recommended, compared to 1.25p last year. This is the minimum required to maintain the Company's investment trust status, reflecting its priority which is capital growth.
– Over the period, 3,180,000 shares were issued at a premium to NAV, being 1.5% of the Company's share capital, raising £25m. The share price ended the year at a 3.4% premium to NAV*.
– Ongoing charges for the year to 30 April 2018 were 0.52%, down from 0.59% in the prior year.
– An additional third tier to the management fee of 0.30% on assets above £1.75bn took effect 1 May 2018.
– The managers continue to see a broad spread of new ideas coming forward, from a range of different industries and geographies, and remain optimistic for future portfolio returns.
– Since the change in approach in March 2015 the NAV total return at fair value has been 57.9% and the share price total return 84.4% against the comparative index at 40.3%**.
* With borrowings deducted at fair value
** Total returns from 31 March 2015 to 30 April 2018.
Past performance is not a guide to future performance. Total return information is sourced from Baillie Gifford /Morningstar. See disclaimer at the end of this announcement. For a definition of terms see Glossary of Terms at the end of this announcement.
The Monks Investment Trust PLC invests globally in order to achieve capital growth. This takes priority over income and dividends. Monks is managed by Baillie Gifford, an independent fund management group, which has around £193 billion under management and advice as at 4 June 2018.
Monks is a listed UK company. The value of its shares and any income from them can fall as well as rise and investors may not get back the amount invested. The Company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is not authorised or regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. You can find up to date performance information about Monks at www.monksinvestmenttrust.co.uk‡. Past performance is not a guide to future performance. See disclaimer at the end of this announcement.
Chairman's Statement |
For the second year in succession Monks has produced strong returns which significantly exceeded the comparative index. Our managers comment in detail later in this report but the key contributor has been the strong revenue and profit growth of the underlying portfolio. This is the direct consequence of the change made three years ago towards an explicit growth approach and our managers have constructed a balanced and differentiated portfolio of above average growth companies, many of which face substantial open-ended opportunities.
Performance since this change has been good and, when combined with an increase in the Company's marketing budget and the Managers' effective marketing efforts to attract new buyers and long-term holders, has increased demand for Monks shares. This has had the result that the shares have recently been trading at a premium to Net Asset Value ('NAV') which has enabled Monks to issue new shares for the first time in more than 55 years. The increase in the size of the Company has encouraged the managers to reduce further the tiered management fee, to the benefit of all shareholders and to increase their marketing efforts.
The Board is encouraged by the results of the new approach over the last three years and believes that Monks is today well placed to become a preferred long-term savings vehicle for individuals and wealth managers.
Performance
Although five years is really the minimum period over which to measure the success or failure of an investment approach, the Board is encouraged nonetheless to note that in the year to 30 April 2018 the NAV total return, with borrowings calculated at fair value, was 15.8% and the share price total return was 20.4%. Over the same period the total return for the FTSE World Index was 7.5%, in sterling terms. Since the change in approach in March 2015 the NAV total return at fair value has been 57.9% and the share price total return 84.4% against the comparative index at 40.3%*.
Borrowings and Gearing
As at the financial year end, the invested gearing was 4.6% compared to 6.6% at the start of the period. The Board and managers believe the long-term neutral position is likely to be close to invested gearing of 10% and flexible short-term bank facilities are in place should appealing opportunities arise.
Share Issuance
Over the course of the year, Monks shares traded close to NAV. This enabled the Company to issue 3,180,000 new shares at a premium to NAV, being 1.5% of Monks share capital and raising £25m of new funds for investment. Share issuance is only undertaken at a premium to the NAV so as to benefit existing investors.
Management Fee
Ongoing charges for the year to 30 April 2018 were 0.52%, down from 0.59% in the prior year. Having agreed a new two tiered management fee in 2017, I am pleased to note that the continued growth of the Company has meant that the Managers have agreed an additional tier to the management fee, coming down to 0.30% on assets above £1.75bn, with effect from 1 May 2018. Last year's change in fee structure resulted in a saving of £873,000 compared to what would have been paid under the former arrangement. Lower fees are an important contributor to shareholder returns and we welcome this further reduction. Although there is little immediate cost saving from the new third tier, it will ensure that shareholders continue to benefit from economies of scale and any future growth of Monks.
Earnings and Dividend
Monks invests with the aim of maximising capital growth rather than income and all costs are charged to the Revenue Account. Earnings per share were 2.61p compared to 2.36p in 2017 and the Board is recommending that a single final dividend of 1.40p should be paid, compared to 1.25p last year. This is the minimum required to maintain investment trust status. No interim dividend was paid during the year.
Outlook
The chief concerns facing markets currently are elevated valuations, the uncertain impact of rising interest rates and an apparent return of volatility. On the other hand, there appears to be an abundance of growth opportunities from across a range of economies and new and fast changing technologies. It is our managers' belief that investors generally dwell too much on the macro environment and not enough on individual company prospects, which typically drive most long term value creation. They report a wide range of new investment opportunities, well diversified by geography and by industry, trading on still reasonable levels of valuation, which gives us confidence in the future returns from the portfolio over the longer term.
Annual General Meeting
I would encourage shareholders to attend the Annual General Meeting, which will be held on 4 September 2018 at 11.00am at the Institute of Directors. Our managers will give a presentation and there will be an opportunity to ask questions and to meet them and the Directors informally.
James Ferguson
Chairman
5 June 2018
Equity Portfolio by Growth Category as at 30 April 2018 (unaudited) |
Holding Size |
Growth Stalwarts |
% |
Rapid Growth |
% |
Cyclical Growth |
% |
Latent Growth |
% |
|
(c.10% p.a. earnings growth)
|
|
(c.15% to 25% p.a. earnings growth) |
|
(c.10% to 15% p.a. earnings growth through a cycle)
|
|
(earnings growth to accelerate over time)
|
|
|
Company Characteristics – Durable franchise – Deliver robust profitability in most macroeconomic environments – Competitive advantage includes dominant local scale, customer loyalty and strong brands
|
|
Company Characteristics – Early stage businesses with vast growth opportunity – Innovators attacking existing profit pools or creating new markets |
|
Company Characteristics – Subject to macroeconomic and capital cycles with significant structural growth prospects – Strong management teams highly skilled at capital allocation |
|
Company Characteristics – Company specific catalyst will drive above average earnings in future – Unspectacular recent operational performance and therefore out of favour |
|
Highest conviction holdings c.2.0% each
Total: 27.7% |
Prudential |
3.2 |
Amazon.com |
4.1 |
TSMC |
2.0 |
Apache |
1.9 |
Anthem |
2.2 |
Naspers |
2.8 |
CRH |
1.6 |
|
|
|
SAP |
1.9 |
AIA |
2.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Moody's |
1.9 |
Alibaba |
2.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alphabet |
1.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average sized holdings c.1.0% each
Total: 49.5% |
MasterCard |
1.5 |
HDFC |
1.4 |
Royal Caribbean Cruises |
1.2 |
MS&AD Insurance |
1.4 |
Visa |
1.4 |
Ryanair |
1.3 |
Markel |
1.1 |
Samsung Electronics |
1.3 |
|
Thermo Fisher Scientific |
1.1 |
ICICI Bank |
1.2 |
Richemont |
1.1 |
Fiat Chrysler Autos |
1.2 |
|
Schindler |
1.0 |
GrubHub |
1.1 |
Banco Bradesco |
1.1 |
Fairfax Financial |
1.0 |
|
Resmed |
0.9 |
Baidu |
1.0 |
EOG Resources |
1.0 |
Bank of Ireland |
0.8 |
|
Verisk Analytics |
0.9 |
|
1.0 |
TD Ameritrade |
0.9 |
Sberbank of Russia |
0.8 |
|
Bureau Veritas |
0.9 |
MarketAxess |
1.0 |
Atlas Copco |
0.9 |
Signify |
0.8 |
|
Pernot Ricard |
0.9 |
Zillow |
1.0 |
SMC |
0.8 |
AP Moller-Maersk |
0.7 |
|
Arthur J. Gallagher |
0.9 |
LendingTree |
0.9 |
Martin Marietta Materials |
0.7 |
Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings |
0.7 |
|
Olympus |
0.8 |
Cyberagent |
0.9 |
First Republic Bank |
0.7 |
|
|
|
Waters |
0.8 |
58.com |
0.8 |
CH Robinson Worldwide |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
Abiomed |
0.8 |
Leucadia National |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
Renishaw |
0.8 |
Wabtec |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
Chegg |
0.7 |
Deutsche Boerse |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
Autohome |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Seattle Genetics |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ctrip.com International |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tesla |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NVIDIA |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
Equity Portfolio by Growth Category as at 30 April 2018 (unaudited) (Ctd) |
Holding Size |
Growth Stalwarts |
% |
Rapid Growth |
% |
Cyclical Growth |
% |
Latent Growth |
% |
|
(c.10% p.a. earnings growth)
|
|
(c.15% to 25% p.a. earnings growth) |
|
(c.10% to 15% p.a. earnings growth through a cycle)
|
|
(earnings growth to accelerate over time)
|
|
Incubator Holdings c.0.5% each
Total: 22.8% |
Kansai Paint |
0.4 |
Interactive Brokers Group |
0.6 |
Advantest |
0.6 |
Howard Hughes |
0.6 |
|
|
Spotify |
0.6 |
Hays |
0.6 |
Rohm |
0.6 |
|
|
|
Schibsted |
0.6 |
SiteOne Landscape Supply |
0.6 |
Toyota Tsusho |
0.6 |
|
MercadoLibre |
0.6 |
Tsingtao Brewery |
0.5 |
|||||
|
|
Netflix |
0.6 |
Svenska Handelsbanken |
0.5 |
Iida Group Holdings |
0.5 |
|
|
|
Trupanion |
0.6 |
Persol Holdings |
0.5 |
MRC Global |
0.5 |
|
|
|
M3 |
0.6 |
Jardine Strategic Holdings |
0.5 |
DistributionNOW |
0.5 |
|
|
|
Infineon Technologies |
0.6 |
Orica |
0.5 |
Veeco Instruments |
0.5 |
|
|
|
B3 Group |
0.5 |
PageGroup |
0.5 |
Lindblad Expeditions Holdings |
0.5 |
|
Myriad Genetics |
0.5 |
OC Oerlikon |
0.4 |
|||||
|
|
Genmab |
0.5 |
Sands China |
0.4 |
Kirby |
0.5 |
|
Mail.ru Group |
0.4 |
Teradyne |
0.4 |
Advanced Micro Devices |
0.3 |
|||
|
|
iRobot |
0.4 |
Ritchie Bros Auctioneers |
0.4 |
HTC |
0.3 |
|
|
|
NetEase |
0.4 |
Lincoln Electric |
0.3 |
Silk Invest Africa Food Fund |
0.3 |
|
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals |
0.4 |
|
|
|||||
|
|
IP Group |
0.3 |
|
|
Stericycle |
0.3 |
|
|
|
GRAIL |
0.3 |
|
|
Dia |
0.3 |
|
Line |
0.3 |
|
|
Ferro Alloy Resources |
0.2 |
|||
|
|
China Biologic Products |
0.2 |
|
|
MTN |
0.2 |
|
|
|
|
Yandex |
– |
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
20.7 |
Total |
39.4 |
Total |
22.1 |
Total |
17.8 |
Portfolio Positioning as at 30 April 2018 (unaudited) |
Thematic Exposure
|
At 30 April 2018 |
|||
Category |
% |
% |
||
Economically Agnostic |
|
48.8 |
||
|
Internet Winners: |
|
21.5 |
|
|
|
Developed World |
13.1 |
|
|
|
Emerging World |
8.4 |
|
|
Innovation: |
|
17.8 |
|
|
|
Semi-conductor Chips |
6.3 |
|
|
|
Health |
4.8 |
|
|
|
Financials |
1.6 |
|
|
|
Other Innovation |
5.1 |
|
|
Stalwarts |
|
9.5 |
|
US Domestic Growth |
|
19.8 |
||
|
Industrial |
|
4.5 |
|
|
Consumer |
|
4.0 |
|
|
Normalisation |
|
3.7 |
|
|
Capital Cycle |
|
3.0 |
|
|
Energy |
|
2.4 |
|
|
Government Budgets |
|
2.2 |
|
Continued Progress of Asia/Latin America |
|
18.0 |
||
|
Emerging Markets Catch-up: |
|
12.9 |
|
|
|
Financial Development |
7.0 |
|
|
|
Consumer Catch-up |
5.9 |
|
|
Energy |
|
2.3 |
|
|
Capital Cycle |
|
1.7 |
|
|
Industrial |
|
1.1 |
|
European and Japanese Healing |
|
11.3 |
||
|
Abenomics |
|
3.8 |
|
|
Consumer |
|
3.1 |
|
|
Industrial |
|
2.2 |
|
|
Interest Rate Normalisation |
|
2.0 |
|
|
Capital Cycle |
|
0.2 |
|
Net Liquid Assets |
|
1.6 |
||
Other Equities |
|
0.5 |
||
Total Assets |
|
100.0 |
Portfolio Positioning as at 30 April 2018 (unaudited) (Ctd) |
Geographical Analysis
|
At 30 April 2018 % |
At 30 April 2017 % |
North America |
44.7 |
47.1 |
Continental Europe |
17.0 |
16.4 |
Emerging Markets |
19.4 |
18.9 |
United Kingdom |
5.3 |
6.3 |
Japan |
8.5 |
6.3 |
Developed Asia |
3.5 |
3.7 |
Bonds |
– |
0.4 |
Net Liquid Assets |
1.6 |
0.9 |
Total Assets |
100.0 |
100.0 |
Sectoral Analysis
|
|
At 30 April 2018 % |
At 30 April 2017 % |
Oil and Gas |
3.8 |
2.2 |
|
Basic Materials Industrials Consumer Goods Health Care Consumer Services Financials Technology Telecommunications |
1.1 |
0.6 |
|
15.3 |
17.3 |
||
6.7 |
8.0 |
||
9.0 |
8.9 |
||
19.9 |
21.1 |
||
28.6 |
25.5 |
||
13.8 |
14.9 |
||
0.2 |
0.2 |
||
Total Equities |
98.4 |
98.7 |
|
Bonds |
– |
0.4 |
|
Net Liquid Assets |
1.6 |
0.9 |
|
Total Assets |
100.0 |
100.0 |
Income statement (unaudited) |
|
For the year ended 30 April 2018 |
For the year ended 30 April 2017 |
||||
|
Revenue £'000 |
Capital £'000 |
Total £'000 |
Revenue £'000 |
Capital £'000 |
Total £'000 |
Gains on investments (note 2) |
– |
211,299 |
211,299 |
– |
403,486 |
403,486 |
Currency gains/(losses) |
– |
3,216 |
3,216 |
– |
(3,264) |
(3,264) |
Income |
19,759 |
– |
19,759 |
17,593 |
– |
17,593 |
Investment management fee |
(6,568) |
– |
(6,568) |
(6,011) |
– |
(6,011) |
Other administrative expenses |
(1,598) |
– |
(1,598) |
(1,261) |
– |
(1,261) |
Net return before finance costs and taxation |
11,593 |
214,515 |
226,108 |
10,321 |
400,222 |
410,543 |
Finance costs of borrowings |
(4,410) |
– |
(4,410) |
(3,910) |
– |
(3,910) |
Net return on ordinary activities before taxation |
7,183 |
214,515 |
221,698 |
6,411 |
400,222 |
406,633 |
Tax on ordinary activities |
(1,595) |
– |
(1,595) |
(1,368) |
– |
(1,368) |
Net return on ordinary activities after taxation |
5,588 |
214,515 |
220,103 |
5,043 |
400,222 |
405,265 |
Net return per ordinary share (note 4) |
2.61p |
100.08p |
102.69p |
2.36p |
187.05p |
189.41p |
Note: Dividends per share paid and payable in respect of the year (note 5) |
1.40p |
|
|
1.25p |
|
|
Balance sheet (unaudited) |
|
At 30 April 2018 £'000 |
At 30 April 2017 £'000 |
Fixed assets |
|
|
Investments held at fair value through profit or loss |
1,730,513 |
1,507,077 |
Current assets |
|
|
Debtors |
9,009 |
7,816 |
Cash and cash equivalents |
22,974 |
15,208 |
|
31,983 |
23,024 |
Creditors |
|
|
Amounts falling due within one year (note 6) |
(66,120) |
(76,217) |
Net current liabilities |
(34,137) |
(53,193) |
Total assets less current liabilities |
1,696,376 |
1,453,884 |
Creditors |
|
|
Amounts falling due after more than one year (note 6) |
(39,842) |
(39,810) |
|
1,656,534 |
1,414,074 |
Capital and reserves |
|
|
Share capital |
10,857 |
10,698 |
Share premium account |
35,973 |
11,100 |
Capital redemption reserve |
8,700 |
8,700 |
Capital reserve |
1,549,551 |
1,335,036 |
Revenue reserve |
51,453 |
48,540 |
Shareholders' funds |
1,656,534 |
1,414,074 |
Shareholders' funds per ordinary share (note 7) (after deducting borrowings at book value) |
762.9p |
660.9p |
Net asset value per ordinary share (note7) (after deducting borrowings at fair value) |
759.0p |
656.8p |
Net asset value per ordinary share (note 7) (after deducting borrowings at par) |
762.8p |
660.8p |
Ordinary shares in issue (note 8) |
217,143,859 |
213,963,859 |
Statement of changes in equity (unaudited) |
For the year ended 30 April 2018
|
Share £'000 |
Share premium account £'000 |
Capital redemption reserve £'000 |
Capital reserve £'000 |
Revenue reserve £'000 |
Shareholders' £'000 |
Shareholders' funds at 1 May 2017 |
10,698 |
11,100 |
8,700 |
1,335,036 |
48,540 |
1,414,074 |
Net return on ordinary activities after taxation |
– |
– |
– |
214,515 |
5,588 |
220,103 |
Ordinary shares issued (note 8) |
159 |
24,873 |
– |
– |
– |
25,032 |
Dividends paid during the year (note 5) |
– |
– |
– |
– |
(2,675) |
(2,675) |
Shareholders' funds at 30 April 2018 |
10,857 |
35,973 |
8,700 |
1,549,551 |
51,453 |
1,656,534 |
For the year ended 30 April 2017
|
Share £'000 |
Share premium account £'000 |
Capital redemption reserve £'000 |
Capital reserve £'000 |
Capital reserve* £'000 |
Shareholders' £'000 |
Shareholders' funds at 1 May 2016 |
10,698 |
11,100 |
8,700 |
934,814 |
45,637 |
1,010,949 |
Net return on ordinary activities after taxation |
– |
– |
– |
400,222 |
5,043 |
405,265 |
Dividends paid during the year (note 5) |
– |
– |
– |
– |
(2,140) |
(2,140) |
Shareholders' funds at 30 April 2017 |
10,698 |
11,100 |
8,700 |
1,335,036 |
48,540 |
1,414,074 |
* The Capital Reserve balance at 30 April 2018 includes holding gains on investments of £567,547,000 (2017 – gains of £453,149,000).
Cash flow statement (unaudited) |
|
Year ended 30 April 2018 |
Year ended 30 April 2017 |
||
|
£'000 |
£'000 |
£'000 |
£'000 |
Cash flows from operating activities |
|
|
|
|
Net return on ordinary activities before taxation |
|
221,698 |
|
406,633 |
Net (gains) on investments |
|
(211,299) |
|
(403,486) |
Currency (gains)/losses |
|
(3,216) |
|
3,264 |
Amortisation of fixed income book cost |
|
(170) |
|
(409) |
Finance costs of borrowings |
|
4,410 |
|
3,910 |
Overseas tax incurred |
|
(1,536) |
|
(1,348) |
Changes in debtors and creditors |
|
(1,069) |
|
627 |
Cash from operations* |
|
8,818 |
|
9,191 |
Interest paid |
|
(4,347) |
|
(3,858) |
Net cash inflow from operating activities |
|
4,471 |
|
5,333 |
Cash flows from investing activities |
|
|
|
|
Acquisitions of investments |
(331,951) |
|
(183,649) |
|
Disposals of investments |
315,713 |
|
161,830 |
|
Net cash outflow from investing activities |
|
(16,238) |
|
(21,819) |
Cash flows from financing activities |
|
|
|
|
Equity dividends paid |
(2,675) |
|
(2,140) |
|
Ordinary shares issued |
23,074 |
|
– |
|
Borrowings drawn down |
– |
|
15,608 |
|
Net cash inflow from financing activities |
|
20,399 |
|
13,468 |
Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |
|
8,632 |
|
(3,018) |
Exchange movements |
|
(866) |
|
2,296 |
Cash and cash equivalents at 1 May |
|
15,208 |
|
15,930 |
Cash and cash equivalents at 30 April |
|
22,974 |
|
15,208 |
† Cash from operations includes dividends received of £18,613,000 (2017 – £17,303,000) and interest received of £78,000 (2017 – nil).
Glossary of Terms
Total Assets
The total value of all assets held less all liabilities (other than liabilities in the form of borrowings).
Shareholders' Funds and Net Asset Value
Shareholders' Funds is the value of all assets held less all liabilities, with borrowings deducted at book cost. Net Asset Value (NAV) is the value of all assets held less all liabilities, with borrowings deducted at either fair value or par value as described below. Per share amounts are calculated by dividing the relevant figure by the number of ordinary shares in issue.
Borrowings at Fair Value
Borrowings are valued at an estimate of market worth. The fair value of the Company's 6 3/8% debenture stock 2023 is based on the closing market offer price on the London Stock Exchange. The fair value of the Company's short term bank borrowings is equivalent to its book value.
Borrowings at Par Value
Borrowings are valued at nominal par value.
Discount/Premium
As stockmarkets and share prices vary, an investment trust's share price is rarely the same as its NAV. When the share price is lower than the NAV per share it is said to be trading at a discount. The size of the discount is calculated by subtracting the share price from the NAV per share and is usually expressed as a percentage of the NAV per share.
If the share price is higher than the NAV per share, this situation is called a premium.
Net Liquid Assets
Net liquid assets comprise current assets less current liabilities (excluding borrowings).
Total Return
The total return is the return to shareholders after reinvesting the dividend on the date that the share price goes ex-dividend.
Ongoing Charges
The total expenses (excluding borrowing costs) incurred by the Company as a percentage of the average net asset value (with debt at fair value).
Active Share
Active share, a measure of how actively a portfolio is managed, is the percentage of the portfolio that differs from its comparative index. It is calculated by deducting from 100 the percentage of the portfolio that overlaps with the comparative index. An active share of 100 indicates no overlap with the index and an active share of zero indicates a portfolio that tracks the index.
Gearing
At its simplest, gearing is borrowing. Just like any other public company, an investment trust can borrow money to invest in additional investments for its portfolio. The effect of the borrowing on the shareholders' assets is called 'gearing'. If the Company's assets grow, the shareholders' assets grow proportionately more because the debt remains the same. But if the value of the Company's assets falls, the situation is reversed. Gearing can therefore enhance performance in rising markets but can adversely impact performance in falling markets. The level of gearing can be adjusted through the use of derivatives which affect the sensitivity of the value of the portfolio to changes in the level of markets.
Potential gearing is the Company's borrowings expressed as a percentage of shareholders' funds.
Invested gearing is the Company's borrowings at par less cash and cash equivalents expressed as a percentage of shareholders' funds.
Effective gearing, as defined by the Board and Managers of Monks, is the Company's borrowings at par less cash, brokers' balances and investment grade bonds maturing within one year, expressed as a percentage of shareholders' funds.
Equity gearing is the Company's borrowings at par less cash, brokers' balances and all bonds, expressed as a percentage of shareholders' funds*.
Leverage
For the purposes of the Alternative Investment Fund Managers (AIFM) Directive, leverage is any method which increases the Company's exposure, including the borrowing of cash and the use of derivatives. It is expressed as a ratio between the Company's exposure and its net asset value and can be calculated on a gross and a commitment method. Under the gross method, exposure represents the sum of the Company's positions after the deduction of sterling cash balances, without taking into account any hedging and netting arrangements. Under the commitment method, exposure is calculated without the deduction of sterling cash balances and after certain hedging and netting positions are offset against each other.
* As adjusted to take into account the gearing impact of any derivative holdings.
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