2021 FULL YEAR RESULTS
Performance highlights (unaudited)
|
Underlying performance |
GAAP measures |
|||||
|
|
|
vs 2020 |
|
|
vs 2020 |
|
|
Full Year |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Underlying sales growth (USG) |
|
4.5% |
Turnover |
€52.4bn |
3.4% |
|
|
Underlying operating profit |
€9.6bn |
2.9% |
Operating profit |
€8.7bn |
4.8% |
|
|
Underlying operating margin |
18.4% |
(10) bps |
Operating margin |
16.6% |
20 bps |
|
|
Underlying earnings per share |
2.62 |
5.5% |
Diluted earnings per share |
2.32 |
9.2% |
|
|
Free cash flow |
6.4bn |
€(1.3)bn |
Net profit |
€6.6bn |
9.0% |
|
|
Fourth Quarter |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
USG |
|
4.9% |
Turnover |
€13.1bn |
8.4% |
|
|
Quarterly dividend payable in March 2022 |
€0.4268 per share(a) |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(a) See note 11 for more information on dividends.
Full year highlights
- Fastest underlying sales growth in nine years – 4.5%, with 2.9% price and 1.6% volume
- Turnover increased 3.4%, with a positive impact from acquisitions and a negative impact from currency
- Underlying operating profit increased 2.9% and underlying operating margin decreased by 10bps
- Underlying earnings per share increased 5.5% and diluted earnings per share 9.2%
- Announced the sale of Tea business for €4.5 billion, with completion expected in H2 2022
- Completed €3 billion of share buybacks in 2021; announcing further €3 billion programme for 2022-2023
- Dividend per share growth of 3% for 2021
- Announced a simpler, more category-focused organisational model
|
Alan Jope: Chief Executive Officer statement |
“The acceleration of Unilever's operating performance continues. We delivered our fastest underlying sales growth for nine years – 4.5% for the full year, with 1.6% from volume.
Our thirteen billion-Euro brands grew 6.4%. Priority markets of China, India, and the US grew at 14.3%, 13.4%, and 3.7% respectively. Our growth in e-commerce was 44%, ahead of global channel growth and bringing e-commerce to 13% of turnover. We have continued to re-shape our portfolio into high growth spaces, acquiring in Prestige Beauty and Functional Nutrition, and agreeing the sale of our Tea business.
The major challenge of 2021 has been the dramatic rise of input costs. We responded with pricing actions, delivering underlying price growth of 2.9% for the year, accelerating to 4.9% in the fourth quarter, with full year underlying operating margin down 10bps and underlying earnings per share up 5.5%.
We are focused on driving faster growth from our strong portfolio of brands and markets, and recently announced a major change to create a simpler, more category-focused organisation designed to further improve performance. In 2022, we will manage a significant input cost inflation cycle and will continue to invest competitively in marketing, R&D and capital expenditure.
We have engaged extensively with our shareholders in recent weeks and received a strong message that the evolution of our portfolio needs to be measured. We therefore do not intend to pursue major acquisitions in the foreseeable future and will conduct a share buyback programme of up to €3 billion over the next two years.”
10 February 2022
|
Outlook for 2022 |
We expect underlying sales growth in 2022 to be in the range of 4.5% to 6.5%. Pricing will continue to be strong, with some impact on volume as a result.
We currently expect very high input cost inflation in the first half of over €2 billion. This may moderate in the second half to around €1.5 billion, although there is currently a wide range for this that reflects market uncertainty on the outlook for commodity, freight and packaging costs.
The new organisation is expected to generate around €600 million of cost savings over two years. We plan to maintain competitive levels of investment in marketing, R&D and capital expenditure through a period of inflation-led gross margin pressure until input costs normalise and the full extent of pricing is reflected.
2022 underlying operating margin is expected to be down by between 140bps and 240bps, so maintained between 16% and 17%, with the first half impacted more than the second half. We expect margin to be restored after 2022, with the bulk coming back in 2023 and the rest in 2024.
Unilever's strong cash flow delivery will continue, and the Board has approved a share buyback programme of up to €3 billion to be conducted over the next two years, which we expect to commence in the first quarter.
|
Organisational change |
In January 2022, we announced major changes to Unilever's organisation to make it simpler and more category-focused. Unilever will be organised around five category-focused Business Groups, each responsible and accountable for their strategy, growth and profit delivery; running their businesses in all geographies.
We expect our new organisation to be fully operational from the middle of the year. The new structure will be achieved within existing restructuring investment plans of €2 billion across 2021 and 2022. Restructuring investment for 2022 is therefore expected to be around €1.4 billion, returning to pre-2017 levels of around 1% of turnover thereafter. The new organisation is expected to generate around €600 million of cost savings over two years.
|
FULL YEAR OPERATIONAL REVIEW: DIVISIONS |
|
|
Fourth Quarter 2021 |
Full Year 2021 |
|||||||
|
(unaudited) |
Turnover |
USG |
UVG |
UPG |
Turnover |
USG |
UVG |
UPG |
Change in underlying operating margin |
|
|
€bn |
% |
% |
% |
€bn |
% |
% |
% |
bps |
|
Unilever |
13.1 |
4.9 |
– |
4.9 |
52.4 |
4.5 |
1.6 |
2.9 |
(10) |
|
Beauty & Personal Care |
5.8 |
6.2 |
0.9 |
5.3 |
21.9 |
3.8 |
0.8 |
3.0 |
– |
|
Home Care |
2.7 |
5.0 |
(3.1) |
8.4 |
10.6 |
3.9 |
0.7 |
3.1 |
(110) |
|
Foods & Refreshment |
4.6 |
3.2 |
0.6 |
2.5 |
19.9 |
5.6 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
40 |
Our markets: Very high input cost inflation has been widespread across our markets and is expected to continue. Covid-19 is having an ongoing impact on the operating environment, including in the final quarter of the year as new restrictions were implemented in some geographies.
In North America and Europe markets declined in 2021 as we lapped high demand in the prior year for in-home food and hygiene products. Covid-19 impacted India in the early part of the year. In China the market recovered well in 2021 but economic growth has started to slow. Markets in Latin America are recovering, with growth driven by higher prices, although macroeconomic volatility remains high. In South East Asia markets are improving following tough restrictions on daily life through 2021. In Turkey, economic conditions deteriorated throughout the fourth quarter.
Unilever overall performance: Stepping up competitive growth is our priority. In 2021, our five strategic priorities and focus on operational excellence delivered full year underlying sales growth of 4.5% with volume of 1.6% and price of 2.9%. In the fourth quarter price stepped up to 4.9% with volume flat, as our brands provided strong pricing power in an environment of rising commodity and other input costs. Foods and Refreshment grew fastest in 2021 with 5.6% underlying sales growth with food solutions and out-of-home ice cream partially recovering from channel restrictions in 2020.
In the US growth has returned to competitive levels, with strong contributions from Prestige Beauty, functional nutrition and food solutions. India grew double-digit with balanced volume and price and strong actions on savings and mix. China grew double-digit, led by volume, with growth broad-based across categories and channels, especially e-commerce.
Latin America grew high single-digit led by price with flat volume in a high inflation market. South East Asia declined following tough Covid-19 related restrictions throughout the year and weak competitive performance in Indonesia. Europe grew slightly from both price and volume.
Prestige Beauty delivered strong double-digit growth across all brands as channels reopened, with e-commerce a big contributor. Functional nutrition grew double-digit across the portfolio of brands.
E-commerce growth was 44% and now represents 13% of Unilever's turnover.
Turnover increased 3.4%. Underlying sales growth was 4.5%, there was a net positive impact of 1.3% from acquisitions and disposals and a negative impact of 2.4% from currency-related items.
Underlying operating profit was €9.6 billion, an increase of 2.9% including a negative impact from currency of 4.3%. Underlying operating margin decreased by 10bps. Gross margin decreased by 120bps reflecting very high inflation in raw material, packaging and distribution costs, partially offset by savings and pricing actions. Brand and marketing investment fell slightly but remained at competitive levels, and overheads benefitted from turnover leverage, making a positive impact of 90bps and 20bps respectively on underlying operating margin.
Free cash flow was €6.4 billion compared to €7.7 billion in 2020 as we increased capital expenditure and lapped the strong working capital improvement of 2020 which was maintained in 2021.
We have agreed to sell our global tea business, ekaterra (“Tea”), to CVC Capital Partners Fund VIII for €4.5 billion on a cash-free, debt-free basis. In full year 2020, ekaterra generated turnover of around €2 billion. The sale excludes Unilever's tea business in India, Nepal and Indonesia as well as Unilever's interests in the Pepsi Lipton ready-to-drink tea joint ventures and associated distribution businesses.
After reviewing options for Elida Beauty, we concluded that this business will create the most value managed as an independent unit within Unilever, with dedicated focus under our new operating model.
Beauty & Personal Care
Beauty & Personal Care underlying sales grew 3.8%, with 3.0% from price and 0.8% from volume. All categories delivered good growth apart from skin cleansing which declined following elevated demand in the prior year. Skin care grew high single-digit with channels reopening in 2021. Vaseline performed strongly throughout the year, supported by several premium innovations across brightening, therapeutics and hydration . Deodorants grew as the market continued to recover, with good growth and restored competitiveness in North America. Dove refillable deodorant launched in the US and has been well-received by consumers. Hair care grew mid-single-digit with Sunsilk, Dove and Clear contributing and styling in North America being restored to competitive growth. Oral care grew with good performance in South Asia and Africa. Prestige Beauty grew double-digit with all brands benefitting from e-commerce and a recovery in beauty channels compared to the prior year. New innovations in Prestige Beauty include Dermalogica's biolumin-c and sound sleep cocoon and Ren's zero waste packaging.
Underlying operating margin in Beauty and Personal Care was flat, with high material inflation in palm oil having a particularly high impact on gross margin, despite stepped up pricing. Brand and marketing investment was lower overall due to reductions in Europe and South East Asia where Covid-19 restrictions impacted market growth. We invested more in the US and China, and benefitted from efficiencies in advertising production costs.
Home Care
Home Care underlying sales grew 3.9%, with 3.1% from price and 0.7% from volume. In fabric care, mid-single-digit growth in fabric cleaning and low single-digit growth in fabric enhancers was led by South Asia and Latin America. We continue to see good innovation performance from dilutable laundry liquids across Latin America, under the OMO brand. Capsule and liquid formats continued to grow well, and in China OMO became the leading capsules brand in traditional retail and second largest in e-commerce. Underlying sales in home and hygiene declined mid-single-digit as we lapped strong demand for hygiene products in 2020, and overall home and hygiene continues to trade ahead of pre-pandemic levels.
Underlying operating margin in Home Care declined by 110bps. Gross margin declined as very high input cost inflation could not yet be fully recovered through stepped up pricing. Brand and marketing investment was lower, reflecting elevated spend in 2020 behind hygiene products at the peak of the pandemic.
Foods & Refreshment
Foods and Refreshment underlying sales grew 5.6%, with volume growth of 2.9% and price of 2.7%. Ice cream grew mid-single-digit, balanced across volume and price. Growth was driven by out-of-home food, with in-home ice cream flat as we lapped double-digit prior year growth. Our Magnum and Ben & Jerry's brands each grew high single-digit. Food solutions has begun to recover from channel closure in 2020, delivering double-digit growth. In-home food saw low single-digit price led growth, following elevated demand and double-digit growth in 2020. Our largest food brand Knorr grew high single-digit across in-home and out-of-home channels through innovations such as zero-salt stock cubes and Rinde Mas in Latin America, a plant-based product that extends the yield of meat dishes while adding flavour. Dressings brand Hellmann's grew double digit for the second year in succession. Our retained tea business grew double-digit.
Foods and Refreshment underlying operating margin improved by 40bps. Gross margin declined as high input cost inflation could not yet be fully recovered through increased pricing. Brand and marketing investment increased, driven by India and China, but benefitted underlying operating margin as a result of faster turnover growth.
|
FULL YEAR OPERATIONAL REVIEW: GEOGRAPHICAL AREA |
|
|
Fourth Quarter 2021 |
Full Year 2021 |
|||||||
|
(unaudited) |
Turnover |
USG |
UVG |
UPG |
Turnover |
USG |
UVG |
UPG |
Change in underlying operating margin |
|
|
€bn |
% |
% |
% |
€bn |
% |
% |
% |
bps |
|
Unilever |
13.1 |
4.9 |
– |
4.9 |
52.4 |
4.5 |
1.6 |
2.9 |
(10) |
|
Asia/AMET/RUB |
6.1 |
5.7 |
1.3 |
4.3 |
24.3 |
5.8 |
3.0 |
2.7 |
50 |
|
The Americas |
4.4 |
7.2 |
(1.2) |
8.5 |
16.8 |
5.5 |
0.4 |
5.1 |
(80) |
|
Europe |
2.6 |
(0.8) |
(1.5) |
0.7 |
11.3 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
(40) |
|
|
Fourth Quarter 2021 |
Full Year 2021 |
||||||
|
(unaudited) |
Turnover |
USG |
UVG |
UPG |
Turnover |
USG |
UVG |
UPG |
|
|
€bn |
% |
% |
% |
€bn |
% |
% |
% |
|
Emerging markets |
7.7 |
6.7 |
0.1 |
6.6 |
30.4 |
6.7 |
2.6 |
4.1 |
|
Developed markets |
5.4 |
2.2 |
(0.3) |
2.6 |
22.0 |
1.5 |
0.2 |
1.3 |
|
North America |
2.8 |
6.5 |
1.1 |
5.3 |
10.6 |
3.4 |
0.5 |
2.9 |
|
Latin America |
1.6 |
8.5 |
(4.8) |
13.9 |
6.2 |
9.0 |
0.1 |
8.9 |
Asia/AMET/RUB
Underlying sales grew 5.8% with 3.0% from volume and 2.7% from price. India grew double-digit with a balanced split between price and volume. Pricing and savings actions continue to be important in India as commodity prices remain elevated. China delivered double-digit volume led growth, with food solutions growing back to above 2019 levels whilst Home Care and Beauty and Personal Care also grew well. South East Asia declined low single-digit as the region was impacted by Covid-19 related restrictions throughout the year, and our Indonesian business performance was poor in a highly competitive market.
In Turkey, we delivered double-digit growth with high single-digit volume. In South Africa we grew mid-single-digit in volatile market conditions, weighted towards volume.
Underlying operating margin increased by 50bps. Gross margin declined and was offset by efficiencies in overheads and brand and marketing investment.
The Americas
Underlying sales growth in North America was 3.4%, with 2.9% from price and 0.5% from volume as we restored competitiveness through the year. Prestige Beauty, functional nutrition and food solutions all grew strongly while in-home food and hygiene declined as we lapped the high demand of 2020. On a two-year compound annual growth basis, North America underlying sales growth is 5.5%.
Latin America grew 9.0% with positive pricing of 8.9% and flat volume. Throughout the year we took several price increases to counter high inflation and currency devaluation. Innovations designed for consumers feeling the negative impacts of inflation have been successful. In Brazil double-digit growth was price led with a low single digit volume decline whilst in Argentina volume remained positive.
Underlying operating margin decreased by 80bps. Gross margin decline was partially offset by lower overall brand and marketing investment. We increased spend in North America behind high growth areas and reduced in Latin America.
Europe
Underlying sales grew 0.4% with 0.3% from volume and 0.2% from price. Foods and Refreshment volumes grew low single-digit, as out-of-home ice cream recovered alongside in-home ice cream growth. Home Care volumes declined, as we lapped high demand for hygiene products in 2020. Beauty & Personal Care in Europe declined slightly in a declining market. Pricing actions are underway across Europe with the different national retail landscapes being managed very actively.
Recovery in out-of-home ice cream supported mid-single-digit growth in Italy. Germany and the UK declined as we lapped high 2020 growth for in-home foods and hygiene.
Underlying operating margin declined 40bps, driven by gross margin, while brand and marketing investment reduced.
|
ADDITIONAL COMMENTARY ON THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – FULL YEAR |
Finance costs and tax
Net finance costs decreased €151 million to €354 million in 2021. The decrease was driven by a lower cost of debt and a reduction in interest on tax settlements. This was partially offset by lower interest income driven by interest on tax credits in Brazil in the prior year. The interest rate on average net debt fell to 1.5% from 2.2% in the prior year.
The underlying effective tax rate was 22.6% compared with 23.0% in 2020. We saw benefits in tax settlements and other one offs, as well as the restatement of deferred tax balances for changes in tax rates. The additional impact of non-underlying tax meant that the effective tax rate was 23.1% compared with 24.6% in 2020.
Joint ventures, associates and other income from non-current investments
Net profit from joint ventures and associates was €191 million, an increase of €16 million compared to 2020. Other income from non-current investments was €91 million and relates to investments made by Unilever Ventures.
Earnings per share
Underlying earnings per share increased by 5.5% to €2.62, including a negative impact of 2.3% from currency. Constant underlying earnings per share increased by 7.8%. The increase was mainly driven by operating performance, lower finance costs and income from non-current investments. There was also a reduction in the average number of shares as a result of our share buyback programme, contributing 0.9%. These were partially offset by an increase in profit attributable to minority interests. Diluted earnings per share were up 9.2% at €2.32.
Free cash flow
Free cash flow was €6.4 billion in 2021, down from the €7.7 billion delivered in 2020 as capital expenditure and cash tax paid increased. We maintained enhanced working capital discipline in 2021, although the significant favourable working capital movements generated as we increased our focus on receivables in 2020 were not repeated.
Net debt
Closing net debt was €25.5 billion compared to €20.9 billion as at 31 December 2020 driven by lower free cash flow, the €3 billion share buyback executed during the year and acquisitions including Paula's Choice. Net debt to underlying EBITDA was 2.2x as at 31 December 2021 versus 1.8x in the prior year.
Pensions
Pension assets net of liabilities were in surplus of €3.0 billion at 31 December 2021 versus a surplus of €0.3 billion at the end of 2020. The increase was driven by positive investment returns on pension assets. Pension liabilities remained unchanged overall, with a decrease from higher interest rates offsetting an increase due to higher inflation.
Return on invested capital
Return on invested capital was 17.2%, compared to 18.0% in the prior year. This is due to recent acquisitions (Horlicks and Paula's Choice), and a significant currency impact resulting in increased goodwill and intangibles.
Finance and liquidity
In 2021, we issued the following bonds:
- 12th August 2021: $500 million 3NC1 fixed rate notes at 0.626% due August 2024, $850 million fixed rates notes at 1.750% due August 2031, and $650 million fixed rate notes at 2.625% due August 2051.
In February 2021, $1,000 million 4.250% fixed rate notes matured and were repaid. In March 2021, $400 million 2.750% fixed rate notes matured and were repaid. In July 2021, €500 million 0.000% fixed rates notes matured and were repaid.
As at 31 December 2021 Unilever had undrawn revolving 364-day bilateral credit facilities in aggregate of $7,965 million with a 364-day term out. Additional bilateral undrawn revolving 364-day credit facilities of €1,500 million were signed in December 2021.
Share buyback programme
On 3 December 2021, we announced the completion of our €3 billion share buyback programme, initiated earlier in the year. The total consideration for the repurchase of shares is recorded within other reserves and all of the 62,976,145 shares purchased in the buyback programme are held in Treasury.
|
COMPETITION INVESTIGATIONS |
As previously disclosed, Unilever is involved in a number of ongoing investigations by national competition authorities, including those of France, Portugal and South Africa. These proceedings and investigations are at various stages and concern a variety of product markets. Where appropriate, provisions are made and contingent liabilities disclosed in relation to such matters.
Ongoing compliance with competition laws is of key importance to Unilever. It is Unilever's policy to co-operate fully with competition authorities whenever questions or issues arise. In addition, the Group continues to reinforce and enhance its internal competition law training and compliance programme on an ongoing basis.
|
NON-GAAP MEASURES |
Certain discussions and analyses set out in this announcement include measures which are not defined by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) such as IFRS. We believe this information, along with comparable GAAP measurements, is useful to investors because it provides a basis for measuring our operating performance, ability to retire debt and invest in new business opportunities. Our management uses these financial measures, along with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, in evaluating our operating performance and value creation. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with GAAP. Wherever appropriate and practical, we provide reconciliations to relevant GAAP measures.
Unilever uses 'constant rate', and 'underlying' measures primarily for internal performance analysis and targeting purposes. We present certain items, percentages and movements, using constant exchange rates, which exclude the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We calculate constant currency values by translating both the current and the prior period local currency amounts using the prior year average exchange rates into euro, except for the local currency of entities that operate in hyperinflationary economies. These currencies are translated into euros using the prior year closing exchange rate before the application of IAS 29. The table below shows exchange rate movements in our key markets .
|
|
Annual Average rate in 2021 |
Annual Average rate in 2020 |
|
|
Brazilian Real (€1 = BRL) |
6.366 |
5.781 |
|
|
Chinese Yuan (€1 = CNY) |
7.663 |
7.862 |
|
|
Indian Rupee (€1 = INR) |
87.599 |
84.100 |
|
|
Indonesia Rupiah (€1 = IDR) |
16983 |
16557 |
|
|
Philippine Peso (€1 = PHP) |
58.401 |
56.447 |
|
|
UK Pound Sterling (€1 = GBP) |
0.861 |
0.888 |
|
|
US Dollar (€1 = US $) |
1.187 |
1.135 |
|
Underlying sales growth (USG)
Underlying sales growth (USG) refers to the increase in turnover for the period, excluding any change in turnover resulting from acquisitions, disposals, changes in currency and price growth in excess of 26% in hyperinflationary economies. Inflation of 26% per year compounded over three years is one of the key indicators within IAS 29 to assess whether an economy is deemed to be hyperinflationary. We believe this measure provides valuable additional information on the underlying sales performance of the business and is a key measure used internally. The impact of acquisitions and disposals is excluded from USG for a period of 12 calendar months from the applicable closing date. Turnover from acquired brands that are launched in countries where they were not previously sold is included in USG as such turnover is more attributable to our existing sales and distribution network than the acquisition itself. The reconciliation of changes in the GAAP measure turnover to USG is provided in notes 3 and 4.
Underlying price growth (UPG)
Underlying price growth (UPG) is part of USG and means, for the applicable period, the increase in turnover attributable to changes in prices during the period. UPG therefore excludes the impact to USG due to (i) the volume of products sold; and (ii) the composition of products sold during the period. In determining changes in price, we exclude the impact of price growth in excess of 26% per year in hyperinflationary economies as explained in USG above. The measures and the related turnover GAAP measure are set out in notes 3 and 4.
Underlying volume growth (UVG)
Underlying volume growth (UVG) is part of USG and means, for the applicable period, the increase in turnover in such period calculated as the sum of (i) the increase in turnover attributable to the volume of products sold; and (ii) the increase in turnover attributable to the composition of products sold during such period. UVG therefore excludes any
impact on USG due to changes in prices. The measures and the related turnover GAAP measure are set out in notes 3 and 4.
Non-underlying items
Several non-GAAP measures are adjusted to exclude items defined as non-underlying due to their nature and/or frequency of occurrence.
- Non-underlying items within operating profitare: gains or losses on business disposals, acquisition and disposal related costs, restructuring costs, impairments and other items within operating profit classified here due to their nature and frequency.
- Non-underlying items not in operating profit but within net profitare: net monetary gain/(loss) arising from hyperinflationary economies and significant and unusual items in net finance cost, share of profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates and taxation.
- Non-underlying itemsare: both non-underlying items within operating profit and those non-underlying items not in operating profit but within net profit.
Underlying operating profit (UOP) and underlying operating margin (UOM)
Underlying operating profit and underlying operating margin mean operating profit and operating margin before the impact of non-underlying items within operating profit. Underlying operating profit represents our measure of segment profit or loss as it is the primary measure used for making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the segments. The reconciliation of operating profit to underlying operating profit is as follows:
|
€ million |
Full Year |
|
|
(unaudited) |
2021 |
2020 |
|
Operating profit |
8,702 |
8,303 |
|
Non-underlying items within operating profit (see note 2) |
934 |
1,064 |
|
Underlying operating profit |
9,636 |
9,367 |
|
Turnover |
52,444 |
50,724 |
|
Operating margin (%) |
16.6% |
16.4% |
|
Underlying operating margin (%) |
18.4% |
18.5% |
Underlying earnings before interest, taxation, depreciation and amortisation (UEBITDA)
Underlying earnings before interest, taxation, depreciation and amortisation means operating profit before the impact of depreciation, amortisation and non-underlying items within operating profit. We use UEBITDA in assessing our leverage level, which is expressed as net debt / UEBITDA. The reconciliation of operating profit to UEBITDA is as follows:
|
€ million |
Full Year |
||
|
(unaudited) |
2021 |
2020 |
|
|
Operating profit |
8,702 |
8,303 |
|
|
Depreciation and amortisation |
1,746 |
2,018 |
|
|
Non-underlying items within operating profit |
934 |
1,064 |
|
|
Underlying earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation (UEBITDA) |
11,382 |
11,385 |
|
Underlying effective tax rate
The underlying effective tax rate is calculated by dividing taxation excluding the tax impact of non-underlying items by profit before tax excluding the impact of non-underlying items and share of net (profit)/loss of joint ventures and associates. This measure reflects the underlying tax rate in relation to profit before tax excluding non-underlying items before tax and share of net profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates. Tax impact on non-underlying items within operating profit is the sum of the tax on each non-underlying item, based on the applicable country tax rates and tax treatment. This is shown in the following table:
|
€ million |
Full Year |
|
|
(unaudited) |
2021 |
2020 |
|
Taxation |
1,935 |
1,923 |
|
Tax impact of: |
|
|
|
Non-underlying items within operating profit(a) |
219 |
272 |
|
Non-underlying items not in operating profit but within net profit(a) |
(41) |
(146) |
|
Taxation before tax impact of non-underlying items |
2,113 |
2,049 |
|
Profit before taxation |
8,556 |
7,996 |
|
Non-underlying items within operating profit before tax(a) |
934 |
1,064 |
|
Non-underlying items not in operating profit but within net profit before tax |
64 |
36 |
|
Share of net (profit)/loss of joint ventures and associates |
(191) |
(175) |
|
Profit before tax excluding non-underlying items before tax and share of net profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates |
9,363 |
8,921 |
|
Underlying effective tax rate |
22.6% |
23.0% |
(a) See note 2.
Underlying earnings per share
Underlying earnings per share (underlying EPS) is calculated as underlying profit attributable to shareholders' equity divided by the diluted average number of ordinary shares. In calculating underlying profit attributable to shareholders' equity, net profit attributable to shareholders' equity is adjusted to eliminate the post-tax impact of non-underlying items. This measure reflects the underlying earnings for each share unit of the Group. Refer to note 6 for reconciliation of net profit attributable to shareholders' equity to underlying profit attributable to shareholders equity.
Constant underlying EPS
Constant underlying earnings per share (constant underlying EPS) is calculated as underlying profit attributable to shareholders' equity at constant exchange rates and excluding the impact of both translational hedges and price growth in excess of 26% per year in hyperinflationary economies divided by the diluted average number of ordinary shares. This measure reflects the underlying earnings for each share unit of the Group in constant exchange rates.
The reconciliation of underlying profit attributable to shareholders' equity to constant underlying earnings attributable to shareholders' equity and the calculation of constant underlying EPS is as follows:
|
€ million |
Full Year |
|||
|
(unaudited) |
2021 |
2020 |
||
|
Underlying profit attributable to shareholders' equity (see note 6) |
6,839 |
|
6,532 |
|
|
Impact of translation from current to constant exchange rates and translational hedges |
210 |
|
19 |
|
|
Impact of price growth in excess of 26% per year in hyperinflationary economies |
(42) |
|
– |
|
|
Constant underlying earnings attributable to shareholders' equity |
7,007 |
|
6551 |
|
|
Diluted average number of share units (millions of units) |
2,609.6 |
|
2,629.8 |
|
|
Constant underlying EPS (€) |
2.68 |
|
2.49 |
|
Net debt
Net debt is a measure that provides valuable additional information on the summary presentation of the Group's net financial liabilities and is a measure in common use elsewhere. Net debt is defined as the excess of total financial liabilities, excluding trade payables and other current liabilities, over cash, cash equivalents and other current financial assets, excluding trade and other current receivables, and non-current financial asset derivatives that relate to financial liabilities.
The reconciliation of total financial liabilities to net debt is as follows:
|
€ million |
As at 31 December 2021 |
As at 31 December 2020 |
||
|
(unaudited) |
||||
|
Total financial liabilities |
(30,133) |
|
(27,305) |
|
|
Current financial liabilities |
(7,252) |
|
(4,461) |
|
|
Non-current financial liabilities |
(22,881) |
|
(22,844) |
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents as per balance sheet |
3,415 |
|
5,548 |
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents as per cash flow statement |
3,387 |
|
5,475 |
|
|
Add: bank overdrafts deducted therein |
106 |
|
73 |
|
|
Less: cash and cash equivalents held for sale (a) |
(78) |
|
– |
|
|
Other current financial assets |
1,156 |
|
808 |
|
|
Non-current financial asset derivatives that relate to financial liabilities |
52 |
|
21 |
|
|
Net debt |
(25,510) |
|
(20,928) |
|
(a) Cash and cash equivalents held for sale of €78m are net of bank overdraft of €12m.
Free cash flow (FCF)
Within the Unilever Group, free cash flow (FCF) is defined as cash flow from operating activities, less income taxes paid, net capital expenditure and net interest payments. It does not represent residual cash flows entirely available for discretionary purposes; for example, the repayment of principal amounts borrowed is not deducted from FCF. FCF reflects an additional way of viewing our liquidity that we believe is useful to investors because it represents cash flows that could be used for distribution of dividends, repayment of debt or to fund our strategic initiatives, including acquisitions, if any.
The reconciliation of cash flow from operating activities to FCF is as follows:
|
€ million |
Full Year |
|||
|
(unaudited) |
2021 |
2020 |
||
|
Cash flow from operating activities |
10,305 |
|
10,933 |
|
|
Income tax paid |
(2,333) |
|
(1,875) |
|
|
Net capital expenditure |
(1,239) |
|
(932) |
|
|
Net interest paid |
(340) |
|
(455) |
|
|
Free cash flow |
6,393 |
|
7,671 |
|
|
Net cash flow (used in)/from investing activities |
(3,246) |
|
(1,481) |
|
|
Net cash flow (used in)/from financing activities |
(7,099) |
|
(5,804) |
|
Return on invested capital (ROIC)
Return on invested capital (ROIC) is a measure of the return generated on capital invested by the Group. The measure provides a guard rail for long-term value creation and encourages compounding reinvestment within the business and discipline around acquisitions with lower returns and longer payback. ROIC is calculated as underlying operating profit after tax divided by the annual average of: goodwill, intangible assets, property, plant and equipment, net assets held for sale, inventories, trade and other current receivables, and trade payables and other current liabilities.
|
€ million |
Full Year |
|
|
(unaudited) |
2021 |
2020 |
|
Operating profit |
8,702 |
8,303 |
|
Non-underlying items within operating profit (see note 2) |
934 |
1,064 |
|
Underlying operating profit before tax |
9,636 |
9,367 |
|
Tax on underlying operating profit(a) |
(2,175) |
(2,154) |
|
Underlying operating profit after tax |
7,461 |
7,213 |
|
Goodwill |
20,330 |
18,942 |
|
Intangible assets |
18,261 |
15,999 |
|
Property, plant and equipment |
10,347 |
10,558 |
|
Net assets held for sale |
1,581 |
27 |
|
Inventories |
4,683 |
4,462 |
|
Trade and other current receivables |
5,422 |
4,939 |
|
Trade payables and other current liabilities |
(14,861) |
(14,132) |
|
Period-end invested capital |
45,763 |
40,795 |
|
Average invested capital for the period |
43,279 |
40,029 |
|
Return on invested capital |
17.2% |
18.0% |
(a) Tax on underlying operating profit is calculated as underlying operating profit before tax multiplied by the underlying effective tax rate of 22.6% (2020: 23.0%) which is shown on page 9.